Comparative anatomy:

Study of similarities and differences of animals

Locomotion:

Ability to move

Heterotroph:

Organism that gets energy from eating other life forms

Convergent evolution:

The same trait independently evolving in different species due to the selective pressures of their environment

Tissue:

Collection of cells that perform a certain function.
There are 4 types:

1.Epithelial tissue:

Formed by cells that bind VERY closely together.
They cover organs, line the digestive tract and produce a slippery fluid to let the organs slide over each other instead of building up friction

2.Connective tissue:

Made of fibrous strands of collagen proteins, part of the tissue extends outside the cell
Adds to the support and structure of the body and holds the parts together

3.Muscular tissue:

Made of actin and myosin and a bunch of other proteins
Allows for movement

4.Nerve tissue:

Generates and conducts electrical signals which are managed by nerve tissue in the brain and transmitted to the spinal chord and the rest of the body
Made up of neurons which do the electrical work and glial cells which insulate and support neurons

Organ:

Collection of tissue that perform a specific task

Organ system:

System of organs performing a specific task

Sponges:

Part of the phylum Porifera
Sponge embryos do not have germ layers
Some cells have flagella , some are amoeba like. The cells can transform into whatever the sponge needs

Cnidaria:

A phylum that includes jelly fishes, hydras, corals, sea anemones
They are diploblastic
They contain stinging cells called cnidocytes

Platyhelminthes:

Phylum of soft unsegmented worms including flatworms, planaria, tapeworms and flukes
Oldest phylum containing triploblasts
They are acoelomates

Coelom:

Fluid filled cavity that stores and protects the major organs, part of the mesoderm in some animals
Allows independent movement of organs and provides shock resistance

Nematoda:

Phylum consisting of unsegmented roundworms
They are pseudo-coelomates {improvised coelomate between mesoderm and endoderm}

Rotifera:

Phylum consisting of tiny filter feeding animals
They are pseudo-coelomates

Mollusca:

Phylum containing chitons, snails, bivalves , octopi and squids
They contain a coelom (the visceral mass)
They contain a muscular "foot"
They contain a mantle (makes a shell or covers the visceral mass)
Contain a radula which they use to scrape up food (except bivalves)

Chitons:

Chitons are headless marine animals covered with a plated shell on one side.
They use their foot to move and scrape off algae with the radula

Bivalves:

Bivalves have shells divided into 2 hinged halves. They are filter feeders

Gastropods:

Gastropods{like snails} undergo torsion in which their visceral mass twists to the side during embryonic development and by the end, their anus is above their head.
Most have a single spiralled shell and use their radula to graze on algae and plants.

Cephalopods:

Cephalopods have tentacles used to grab prey and then a beak to bite it and then immobilize with their poisonous saliva

Segmentation:

Repetition of anatomically identical units

Synapomorphy:

Traits that set a group of animals aside from its ancestors and animals sharing the same ancestor

Plesiomorphy:

Trait shared among animals having the same ancestor

Annelida:

Phylum consisting of leeches , earth worms and lugworms
They have segmentation

Oligochaetes:

Oligochaetes are a class under annelida containing earth worms
They have a few bristles on their body called chaetae which provide traction and aid in movement

Hirudinea:

Hirudinea is a class under annelida containing leeches
They have powerful suckers on both ends, one used to anchor itself and the other to attach to its its
They are carnivorous and hermaphrodites

Polychaetes:

Polychaetes are a class under annelida containing lugworms
They have many chaetae

Arthropoda:

Phylum that includes scorpions, butterflies, lobsters and many more
They have segmentation {usually 3 segments}
They have an exoskeleton made of chitin
They contain paired and jointed appendages

Partial Metamorphosis:

The young(nymphs) look like the adults and undergo a series of molts to get bigger.
This is done by most arthropods

Chelicefromes:

Cheliceriformes are a class under arthropoda that contain arachnids{spiders, scorpions, ticks and mites}, horseshoe crabs
They have simple eyes, lack antennae.
Arachnids have a fused head and thorax segments called a cephalothorax and also have 8 legs and an abdomen

Myriapoda:

Myriapoda are a class under arthropoda that contain millipedes and centipedes
They are terrestrial, have antennae and jaw like mandibles
Millipedes are herbivorous and centipedes are carnivores that have poisoned claws to paralyse their prey

Hexapoda:

Hexapoda are a class under arthropoda that contain all insects
They have 6 feet , 3 part body {head, thorax and abdomen}, 3 pairs of jointed legs that are attached to the thorax, compound eyes and 2 antennae
Insects are the only arthropods capable of flight, their wings are extensions of the external non cellular layer

Metamorphosis:

The young(larva) do not look like the adults
The larva consumes food until it builds a case around itself called the pupa and it comes out of the pupa fully grown
Only in insects

Crustacea:

They include crabs,lobsters,shrimps and barnacles.
They have 3 body segments(Head,thorax,abdomen)
Some have a cephalothorax
Most are aquatic

Lobsters and crayfish have 19 appendages
Some shrimp are bioluminescence

Chordata:

All vertebrates and some invertebrates
They have 4 synapomorphies,
The notochord which is a structure made of cartilage that runs from the digestive tract to the nerve cord, in humans it turns into the cartilage between the vertebrae
The dorsal hollow nerve chord which is a tube made of nerve fibers which develops into the central nervous system
Pharyngeal slits which turn into gill slits or filters for feeding
The post anal tail

Cephalochordata(Lancelets):

Tiny, brainless, invertebrate, filter feeders
Retain all 4 synapomorphies for their entire lives

Urochordata:

Includes sea squirts
The adults have highly developed internal structure including a heart and other organs.
They retain the Pharyngeal slits but lose the other synapomorphies

Vertebrata:

Have a hard backbone

Craniates:

Vertebrates that contain a brain and a heart with at least 2 chambers
Hag fishes are classified under this as they have a skull(even if they have no backbone)

Petromyzontida(Lampreys):

Have a backbone made of cartilage and more complex nervous system
They and craniates are agnathnas AKA have no jaws

Gnathostomes:

Have a backbone, brain, 2 chambered heart and jaws
Includes Chondrichthyes a class that has a skeleton made of mostly cartilage and includes sharks, skates and rays

Osteichthyes:

Have a brain, 2 chambered heart, jaws and a mineralized endoskeleton

Actinopterygii: